Using "Mirror Tape" to Protect Pigeons From Falcons

As we have seen in other videos, some poultry and pigeon fanciers have relied on the use of "hawk balls" and other reflective items placed around their yards to act as a deterrent against birds of prey. Many have reported some success with these methods and it is theorized that reflective surfaces may deter or startle birds of prey.

 

One problem for Roller fliers is that their kits fly well above these types of reflective objects.

 

In the following video, a pigeon fancier from the Far East (possibly India or Pakistan), who also happens to be a falconer, shows us "how to protect your pigeon from falcons" utilizing reflective tape.

 

In the video, he is seen carefully applying small strips of reflective or "mirror" type tape to the outer primaries and also several tail retrices of one of his flying birds. Obviously, this is based on the theory that any attacking falcon or hawk who attempts to attack the bird from above will be deterred by the reflective surfaces of the tape.

 

Though I have found no examples of Western pigeon fliers utilizing this method, in "Attacks by Birds of Prey on Racing Pigeons. A Report for the Confederation of Long Distance Racing Pigeon Unions of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", there is mention of the use of reflective "sequins" which were applied to some Racing Homers. The report remarks that "This method involves attaching small reflective discs (dressmakers sequins) to the plumage of the pigeon. We could find no research literature relating to this method of deterrence and their use seems to have arisen through individual experimentation by pigeon fanciers. There are two potential ways in which these deterrents may work. The first is through a repulsion effect in that a bird of prey will not approach the reflective object, in which case they can be placed anywhere on the bird where they will be visible to a predator. The second is that they could distract a bird of prey during an attack and give the pigeon a better chance of escape, in which case they need to be positioned where the distraction effect is greatest. It is possible that the prominent white wing bars seen on many bird species have evolved because they distract predators during an attack. The combination of movement and highly contrasting wing coloration may interfere with the peripheral vision of a bird of prey as it strikes. Birds of prey have both monocular and binocular visual fields; the former is important in wide angle distance vision whilst the latter is thought to be most important for judging precise distances such as during landing or an attack (Campbell & Lack, 1985). However, we could find no published information on the potential distraction function of wing bars or on the interaction between monocular and binocular vision in birds of prey. Sequins placed on the wings of a Racing Pigeon could potentially have a distraction effect on an attacking bird of prey."

 

 

However, the report also noted that: "old-birds wearing sequins did not home more successfully than their loft companions that were not wearing sequins. In fact there was a non-significant tendency for the opposite to be true. It is possible that the sequins actually marks out an individual pigeon within a flock and makes it more vulnerable to attack by a bird of prey. However, we cannot say that any old-bird, with or without sequins, which

failed to home from the training tosses, was killed by a bird of prey. What we can say

is that the level of losses of experienced pigeons during training tosses was not reduced by the application of sequins".

 

Needless to say, the jury is still out on the application of "on-board" reflective surfaces as a deterrent.

 

That being said, it certainly cannot hurt to try..

 

25th Hawk loss today

Earlier today, I lost two more kit birds to Hawks. These mark the 24th and 25th confirmed lost kit birds since July and we're not even at the height of the BOP season yet.

The losses included a young Blue Baldhead Blackburn that was still squeaking and a mature Black Baldhead Oddside that I have had high hopes for awhile. These came from two different kits. One would think after suffering a loss in one kit, the next kit out would be home free, but it's not so.

In the meantime, following the second kill, another Cooper's Hawk appeared in a tree out back to eyeball the birds in the lofts.

The Black Bald was mostly James Turner blood and had previously been hit by a Peregrine hen and was lucky enough (at the time, at least) to have been simply drilled into the ground opposed to being snatched or cut up by talons. The bird had since grown pretty hawkwise and had avoided several other attacks by promptly flying to ground or flying into thickly leaved trees to avoid attack.

Ultimately, if something is not done about the Bird of Prey problem, it will probably eventually mean the extinction of the true Birmingham Roller pigeon, as well as other types of performing tumbler pigeons,  due to the fact that Birds of Prey  always tend to seek out the best birds in a kit. As a consequence, many successful roller breeders have chosen to simply give up instead of being defenseless as these over-protected winged demons proceed to cut their kits to pieces. Some of them have even got out of pigeons entirely after it became apparent that even their penned up stock birds were not entirely safe.

Winging It! Enter the world of competitive roller pigeons

A new documentary film is set to shine a spotlight on the birds that somersault for sport. Pigeon Kings, from Los Angeles-based filmmaker Milena Pastreich, focuses on the remarkable world of roller pigeons

How important is genetic testing before allowing a stock bird to spread its genes throughout a family of Rollers?

A recent article published by UC Davis entitled "How a Genetic Mutation From 1 Bull Caused the Loss of Half a Million Calves Worldwide" illustrates the necessity of thorough genetic testing before allowing a stock bird to establish its influence throughout a family of Performing Roller pigeons or other types of Domestic Animals.

The article tells the story of how one bull, Pawnee Farm Arlinda Chief, was single-handedly responsible for the introduction of a lethal gene into the genepool of Holstein dairy cattle that up to current day has resulted in the loss of a half million Holstein calves as a result of spontaneous abortion.

Chief, who was born in 1962, through the miracle of modern breeding practices, sired 16,000 daughters, who in turn gave rise to over 500,000 grand daughters and more than two million great grand daughters. Several of his sons, including Walk Away Chief Mark, who was sired in 1978, also became dominant sires in the Holstein breed in North America. Mark was even more prolific than his sire, fathering over 60,000 daughters. According to UC Davis, Pawnee Farm Arlinda Chief is single-handedly responsible for 14% of the genome in the current Holstein population of North America which is estimated at being about 9.2 million cows.

Recent genetic sequencing in Holstein cattle turned up a group of mutant genes simply identified as "APAF1" which is a recessive lethal gene that was not only associated with lower fertility rates, but also spontaneous mid-term abortions in cattle. Over the last 35 years, this lethal gene has cost the dairy industry an estimated $420 million just in veterinary costs as a result of complications. The source of this devastating lethal mutation was found to be none other than this single legendary sire: Pawnee Farm Arlinda Chief, who was also noted to have otherwise dramatically improved the production capabilities of Holstein dairy cattle.

While we Performing Roller breeders lack the sort of breeding technology that cattle breeders do and there is no genuine likelihood for a single stock bird to produce offspring by the thousands, it is still relatively easy to spread the genetic influence of a single bird throughout an entire family of pigeons. This is, in fact, an inevitable when the culmination of every Roller breeder's desire is to create his own family of first class rolling pigeons. This can only be done by starting with a small select group of pigeons and utilizing linebreeding/inbreeding techniques in an effort. Regardless of their aerial quality, great care must be taken in selecting the pigeons that are used in building up a family of pigeons, in that even the best pigeons may possess unwanted recessive genes. If a breeder does not pay close attention and neglects to work to expose these latent and unwanted characteristics, it is relatively easy to spread them through their family in such a way that inside of a half dozen or dozen generations, they become such a plague as to destroy our breeding efforts completely. These types of latent genes may range from common aerial faults such as poor stability, lack of homing instinct, infrequency, poor kitting ability, improper wing action, etc. on up to more severe and far more damaging genes that have negative impacts on reproduction, physical or physiological issues or even sub-lethal or lethal genes.

Some examples of known recessive genes in pigeons that if accidentily perpetuated in a line of Performing Rollers would have a destroying affect include such genes as those for Ataxia, Clumsy, Wobbly, Silky, Porcupine or Scraggly plumage and others. As one example, Ataxia, which is a recessive gene known to exist in Birmingham Rollers and some related breeds, results in physiological behavior that is almost remindful of the symptoms of Paramyoxovirus (PMV-1) in that an underdevelopment of the neural areas of the brain results in a lack of complete coordination of physical movement. Such birds exhibit an abnormal gait, exhibit peculiar flight and for all intents and purposes, exhibit other behaviors that could be simply described as a sort of "mental retardation". In the early 1990's, the late Gary Blain, who could best be described as a "serious backyard pigeon geneticist", had among his many various genetic color projects, several pairs of Roller X West of England Tumbler crosses that routinely produced Ataxiac offspring. For several years he kept several birds afflicted with Ataxia at his loft for observation purposes. One of these was a Recessive Red cock with short grouse legs that exhibited not only a strange gate that resulted in the bird rocking side by side and even backward whenever he walked, but also strange neck tremors and irregular modes of flight. I saw this bird on a number of occasions and one of my major observations was that the bird had very peculiar pupils. Not only were they irregularly placed, being set very far forward and rather down toward the join of the mandibles of his beak, they also had a very peculiar shape, being almost diamond-like opposed to round. Like many rolldowns, the pupils of this bird also seemed very slow to react to the shining of a bright light in his eye. While none of his siblings or cousins exhibited the strange pupils and seemed far less afflicted than this bird by the neurological characteristics of this genetic disease, they were, none-the-less, also afflicted in varying degrees. The double grandfather of these Ataxiac birds was a Roller cock that was so possessed by the roll that he could barely get off the ground and had come from a fairly notable breeder in Southern California, while the double grandmother was a West of England from a prominent show breeder in California. It was never clear which grandparent had actually contributed the gene to these birds, but the results of inbreeding their offspring was so devastating that within a few generations, Mr. Blain decided to destroy every last one of them (including both grandparents) because he knew that the gene, being a recessive, would be just about impossible to breed out of them and always yield a large percentage of birds that were afflicted with the disease. While Ataxia, as well as Scraggly and other types of genes responsible for what could best be described as "damaged plumage" would pose obvious genetic problems in a family to even the most casual observer, there are other genes out there that are just as devastating, even if their effects are less obvious to the average breeder. For example, in the 1940's, the late Dr. Willard . Hollander and Wendell  M.Levi put up a paper on the Polydactyly gene which was discovered among a family of Silver Utility Kings at the Palmetto Pigeon Plant. This simple recessive gene resulted in an extra back toe and also sometimes other characteristics. While a feature like this might go mostly unlooked  and even be reasonably tolerated in a Utility breed or a Sporting breed, much the same as webbed-feet which are common in Birmingham Rollers, the writers also found that the gene was a sub-lethal, in that every bird that was afflicted (some 25 of them) did not live to maturity. In later years, Dr. Hollander, who I corresponded with quite regularly and who was responsible for teaching me much about pigeon genetics, discovered another gene, this one, sex-linked, that he-called "web lethal" that appeared in Racing Homers in the loft a breeder named Dennis Peterson. While some of the afflicted birds died at young ages, quite a number were "dead-in-shell". Later on, the well known pigeon geneticist, Robert Mangile, finally actually managed to produce a cock bird that was homozygous for the gene that actually lived to maturity. Another odd mutation called "Erratic" was documented by Mangile in 1983 that resulted in birds that when alarmed showed odd head movements that sometimes resulted in the bird holding its head upside down over its back, birds that walked in circles, seemed incapable of flight and also would not eat feed off the ground. Most of them had to be handfed, while weaning the squeakers was next to impossible to such an extent that by 2014, the birds that Mangile was studying ceased to exist due to all the difficulties involved in their survival. In 1987, Mangile also reported on a gene he called "Foggy" about which he reported "they appear to have a frozen owl-like gaze in your direction with their bill slightly elevated. Unlike normal birds which seem comfortable viewing you with one eye, foggy birds tend to look at you over their bill, with both eyes, not unlike a real owl. This aspect may shed light on the malady. Their skull appears wider between the eves, thus producing a flattened "knob-like" head with wide-set eyes (see photos).  In a few instances the widened skull was noted in newly hatched squabs. Fledglings appear to be vision-impaired and less mobile than loft mates; and restricted to the floor".

This list of known "nasty genes" could go on and on, but the point is, they are hiding out there. Without adequate genetic testing, some of these genes could be easily spread throughout an entire family of birds, some of them completely un-noticed by the average breeder apart from perhaps an observation that "something doesn't seem right".

On the otherside of the coin, there are also many genetic factors in rollers that are responsible for what could best be described as "faults" and "quirks". As a whole, we do not know much about these genes because they've never been adequately studied, and as a result, they have often given rise to some pretty wild, if not controversial, theories about breeding rollers such as the idea that continually breeding dark birds together results in infrequency and later and later development, that "the pearl eye puts more fly into them", that "some colors, like white selfs and yellows, can't roll due to some genetic inferiority" and so on, that have no real basis in sound genetic science. In reality, these sort of unwanted "quirks" that start to appear in most families are really the result of genes that were already present, yet lying latent in the birds that made up the foundation of the family. Those genes may be mere aerial, behavioral or physical faults, or they may be physiological.

In decades past, much ado was made out of so-called "Inbreeding depression", which was the theory that continued inbreeding and linebreeding, regardless of how it was carried out, would always lead to issues of infertility, genetic diseases and ultimately, the ability of a bloodline to continue to reproduce and survive. While this can in fact, take place, the general population, including many animal breeders, chalked it up to a sort of mysticism that took place because this type of inbreeding is viewed as un-natural and the result of our "playing God with nature". In reality, Inbreeding depression takes place because of the presence of what are called "recessive deleterious alleles". That is to say, they are caused by genes which are only rarely expressed in a large population, but become frequently visible in a small population due to the level of inbreeding which creates a lower genetic variation as each generation passes. When we breed Rollers or other types of domestic animals with some sort of standard of excellence in mind, lowering the genetic variation among our breeding stock is the name of the game, assuming that the characteristics we are perpetuating come as close to "the standard" as possible, for the simple fact that the end result is a (hopefully) higher and higher percentage of birds produced each generation that come near that standard. The only way to lower the genetic variation in your loft, and thereby produce more birds which come close to the standard, is by inbreeding and linebreeding as close as possible, always keeping in mind that the genes we are cultivating in higher percentages each generation include not only the positive ones, but also the negative ones too. As stated earlier, those genes we "don't want", may not be physically apparent to the naked eye of the breeder for a few generations and often, when they do become visible, it may be too late to stop them.

With these facts in mind, the birds we select to build our base from must be thoroughly tested to the best of our ability before we begin to allow their genes to heavily influence our breeding program.

By far, the fastest way to adequately test a stock bird that we are considering using as a foundation bird, is to breed it to at least two different mates, breed as many offspring from the two matings as possible and to then inbreed the offspring for a few generations. For the best results, we would take our potential foundation cock, breed him to two different hens and breed at least 10 youngsters from each mating. In an ideal world, those two hens would be his own daughters. We would then take all those youngsters and breed them together, making up full sibling matings from each breeding, as well as some half sibling matings consisting of a youngster from each mating paired together. From these, we would breed as many youngsters as we could, keeping very good records on them. At this point, we should begin to have a good idea what sort of recessive genes the potential foundation cock is carrying. For an even more thorough test, we would take some youngsters from these matings and also breed some of those together, which would be composed of not only some more full sibling matings, but also some linebred first cousin matings. In the meantime, you can also breed the cock to the best of his linebred grand daughters and great grand daughters.

In the above manner, we can quickly lower the genetic variation of the resulting offspring, limiting it to mostly the genetic influence of the potential foundation cock which allows us to determine fairly good insight into his genetic makeup, both his strengths and his weaknesses.

As one can imagine, since it is necessary to fly Rollers to adequately test them, the above process can take much time and effort. In spite of this, it is the only way to adequately test a potential foundation bird if a breeder wants to insure that he has made the right choice for his foundation.

And if the foundation cock was indeed the "right choice", you will find yourself way ahead of the rest, because once you've done this sort of test, you will probably find that this breeding exercise has resulted in a good many pigeons that have the qualities you desired from the cock.


~ Jack Chambers

Hawk Deterrents - the Hawk Ball

Racing fancier John Glemser discusses his use of "Hawk Balls" to try to deter hawks from attacking his Racing Pigeons. He remarks that after having done a lot of research, he believes that the placement of shiny objects such CDs helps to prevent hawks from attacking his pigeons.

You can obtain commercially produced "bird deterrents" from Amazon.com such as those below. Do they work? Who knows? But, it can't hurt to try.

Video - THINGS YOU CAN DO TO HELP KEEP THE HAWKS FROM ATTACKING YOUR Pigeons



 

Racing Homer flier, Dennis W. at Hawkbait Lofts talks about some of the tactics he is using to keep low flying hawks such as Cooper's Hawks from attacking his homers. He says: "THIS IS A SHORT MOVIE SHOWING THINGS I PUT IN THE TREES AND PUT ON MY LOFT TO KEEP THE HAWK ATTACKS DOWN....ALWAYS REMEMBER IF A HAWK IS STARVING TO DEATH NOTHING WILL KEEP HIM FROM TRYING TO GET ONE OF YOUR BIRDS."

 

In this video, Dennis W. is mainly talking about the placement of highly reflective objects around his lofts such as hanging CD's in trees, sticking them to the eaves of his loft, as well as what appear to be owl shaped mirrored reflectors. While he states that this tactic has helped, he is clear about the fact that it is not foolproof.

 

You can obtain commercially produced "bird deterrents" from Amazon.com such as those below. Do they work? Who knows? But, it can't hurt to try.

Birds of Prey Still Continue To Attack Roller Pigeons

As I have discussed in the past, Birds of Prey are a major stumbling block for any roller flier. In my almost forty years flying rollers, I will go as far as to say, that currently, populations of hawks and falcons, particularly the Cooper's Hawk and the Peregrine Falcon, seem to be at their highest levels ever.

Hawks Targeting Pigeons in England. For reference, the large cluster at
lower center is at Birmingham. Image from Hawk Watch

While some groups of pigeon fanciers, such as those who breed Fancy Pigeons, will rarely, if ever, experience an issue with Birds of Prey, to the pigeon flier who MUST fly their birds just to continue their proper cultivation, these winged demons are a total menace. This problem has reached such a proportion that in the United Kingdom, British racing pigeon fanciers even went as far as launching what is so far, a failed legislative campaign to try to get the British government to address the problem. Despite the failure, which was largely handed to them by radical conservation groups, the Royal Pigeon Racing Association is continuing their efforts through the formation of what they call the "Raptor Alliance" which is not only lobbying on behalf of the 60,000 pigeon fanciers living in the UK, but also actively recording bird of prey attacks on domestic pigeons in England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Ireland. As bad as the map looks, the problem is undoubtedly worse than it looks on the screen.

Fanciers from other countries, including a few from the United States, are also reporting their losses through the interactive map. Fanciers can easily input their hawk and falcon incidents on the site. They have a reference guide for reporting attacks here.  Even if you do not live in Europe, I would still very much encourage you to also submit your reports to their system by visiting Hawk Watch. Perhaps if enough fanciers start using the site, we can start to illustrate how bad this problem really is.

Much closer to home, here on the West Coast, the Birds of Prey issue has reached such a proportion for the Roller sport, that a number of years ago, the federal government actually launched several major investigations into the situation with the intention of actually targeting several very high profile roller fliers whom they believed were actively fighting back against hawk and falcon depredations through any means considered necessary. The investigation, called "Operation High Roller" included the use of undercover federal agents who inserted themselves into the roller community in at least three states, posing as interested novices. The agents not only entrapped fanciers into admitting that they were protecting their rollers through means of force, but also went as far as rifling through their trash in the middle of the night and using deceptive trickery to try to find incriminating evidence against them. The end result was the arrest of over a half dozen very well known roller fanciers who were specifically targeted because of their reputations in the roller world in the hope that it would scare roller fanciers everywhere. Media reports on the investigation will leave a bad taste in the mouth of anyone who believes in protecting their personal property. As someone with some legal training, there are also concerns about the way that the agents conducted their operation as some of their activity appears to have been blatantly unlawful and undoubtedly violated the rights of the accused. As the federal agency involved has indicated that they are still watching pigeon fanciers, it would be wise for fanciers to become more familiar with their legal rights, while national organizations would probably find it worthwhile to become proactive on this issue. It may become necessary to start holding the self appointed protectors of Birds of Prey legally and financially accountable.

In the meantime, the Bird of Prey problem is such that despite the immense popularity of the Birmingham Roller around the world, the future of the breed actually seems very much at stake in light of the fact that it is becoming more and more difficult to manage a successful breeding program.

In light of this, as time goes on, we will start to explore some perfectly legal tactics in combatting predation by Birds of Prey in the hope that we can start to save the most valuable birds for breeding again. These will be gathered from around the net in the hope that they can be presented here for the benefit of all.

Rollers in Slow Motion - Illusion Trumps Reality



 

The following YouTube video titled "Roller Examples" offers a great example of rollers in the air, with each clip followed by a slow motion of the same clip. As Brian McCormick, who shot the video (and who is now out of Rollers, apparently), points out: Illusion really does trump reality, in that a lot of birds that would look to be spinning properly to the majority of fanciers, in reality show definite deficiencies when slowed down. For the most part, only a handful of the birds in the video are shown to actually be rolling correctly when the footage is slowed down, even though they may look pretty good to most eyes in real time.

 

From my own observations, I found that I was able to detect the faults in real-time (a change of wing here and there, a slight wobble, etc) that later became very obvious in the slow motion, while at the same time, some birds in slow motion clearly accelerated in the velocity of each revolution after the first few feet of the roll, a fact that was not something I had noticeably detected in the real time segment. Sometimes your eyes just cannot react fast enough to see everything taking place.

 

Despite this, many fanciers agree that Mr. McCormick's videos are probably the finest representations of the Birmingham Roller on the entire web, which really just goes to show how illusive the ideal Birmingham Roller really is.

 

Enjoy!

 



Getting The Most Out of Your Key Breeders

As most roller fanciers are probably already aware, the ultimate goal is to produce and maintain a kit of 20 birds, wherein the kit not only rolls together, but most importantly, where every bird in the kit rolls straight, fast and true. By "straight, fast and true", I am referring to those birds which roll with their wings showing in the upright position or the so-called "H" position when viewed from the front or back. This is the minimum standard of a Birmingham Roller that is rolling correctly and while there are birds which can surpass this type of performance, the vast majority fall somewhere short of this minimum due to either the changing of wings during the roll, some sort of resistance to the roll or due to a lack of velocity between each individual revolution that the bird executes. It is no easy feat to produce (let alone keep!) a kit of 20 birds that roll straight, fast and true, and in fact, this is the greatest breeding challenge in the pigeon world. In my nearly 40 years around rollers and having traveled a bit, I can tell you that in all honesty, I am still yet to see it personally. Most of the truly great kits that I've seen personally, contained 5 or 6 birds that rolled correctly, the rest of the kit being composed of birds that show some sort of deficiency in quality that classifies them more as a sort of "regular roller".  

It is also well understood by the majority of roller fanciers that the pathway to producing a kit that contains only birds that roll correctly, is with the creation of a true family of Rollers. When I say "family", I am referring to a loft of birds where in the vast majority look like the breeder must have used a cookie-cutter to produce them all, because they very closely resemble each other in type, size, color and markings. When the birds are uniform in these characteristics, chances are, they will also be relatively uniform in their flying and rolling characteristics as well.

Ultimately, in sharing similar characteristics, these birds will also tend to share the same strengths and weaknesses as one another. The advantages of having such birds, whether created by their owner, or obtained from another breeder, is obvious. Such families of birds can only be produced through very judicious breeding selection and the utilization inbreeding or linebreeding, at least in the very beginning. Assuming that one sets his standards high, as well as remains relatively far-sighted in his goals, as each generation goes by, the breeder can produce a higher and higher percentage of birds that roll properly, and also hopefully, gradually improve the overall quality of his birds. This is why you read and hear stories about such and such person's birds who respond or don't respond well to flying in certain regions or don't or do respond well to certain kit handling techniques or that such and such birds tend to develop late or tend to produce more unstable pigeons than others. These "family quirks" exist simply because these pigeons are a bonafide family or bloodline wherein the majority heavily resemble each other.  

This is in complete contrast to those persons who seem to believe that good rollers are something to be purchased or otherwise procured from others, opposed to something that they can or should produce for themselves. These fellas are always on the hunt for another pair or two of birds and will obtain them from just about anywhere and everywhere. While some of these fanciers are still searching for the "right birds" to build a family, most of them are continually on the hunt for more birds. While some of the latter may fly some pretty fair kits and also produce some nice rollers, perhaps even enough to be proud of themselves some seasons or to even establish some notoriety among others, they will never attain the goal to produce a kit composed of only birds that roll correctly unless they can breed and fly out birds by the many hundreds each year. This is largely because their breeding program is not moving in a single direction and as a result of outcrossing a bunch of different families with no particular goal in mind beyond merely choosing them from the air, the pigeons in their kit come in all different types, sizes, markings, colors, flight habits and rolling style. It is just about impossible to make much progress as a breeder and flier in such a situation unless you breed and fly out a very large number of birds each year.  The above facts remain true not only of breeding and flying Rollers, but also other breeds of Pigeons, as well as of Poultry, Waterfowl, Dogs, Cattle, Horses, Cats, Tropical Fish or other types of domestic animals. Throughout the history of organized competitive animal breeding to some particular established and widely accepted standard of perfection, which for the most part is something that started in the 19th century, the vast majority of breeders who made positive impacts on their breed of choice were those who developed true families or true bloodlines of animals through the use of sustained inbreeding and linebreeding.

As I have mentioned elsewhere, my business interests are in mostly re-publishing historic texts on animal breeding, and in doing so, I have been in the very unique position of having thoroughly reviewed many hundreds of books on breeding various breeds of animals that were written by many top breeders of their chosen interest. I can say with absolute certainty, that the vast majority of these fanciers were very firm believers in breeding their animals as closely as they could and that history proves that it works.

On the issue of families, even though some of their "quirks" may be considered some sort of serious inherent fault - such as an overly high percentage of birds that tend to roll down or routinely bump at a given age, as one single example - it is much easier to correct one common fault in a fixed bloodline than it is to correct a wide cross section of varying genetic faults amongst what could best be called a "collection" of rollers.  As a general rule of thumb, most families of well bred animals, pigeons or otherwise, are generally derived from a very small handful of specimens that represent the "best of the best" that a breeder either owns or has access to. While the novice roller flier may still be in the process of figuring out what his birds are producing, most established pigeon breeders have stock birds or breeding pairs that are of a much greater genetic value than the others that reside in their lofts.  

Where the person who is really just starting out in rollers is concerned, it is perhaps best, that before proceeding with the idea of building a family, that he instead concentrate on doing his best to test his birds out in an effort to see what sort of breeding stock he has in his possession before he decides to allow any given bird to completely impact future generations of birds. In my estimation, it generally takes about three seasons to properly test a stock bird, by breeding the bird to three different mates and then breeding and flying out 8 to 10 youngsters from each mating. Three years, just to see if the bird has any real value as a breeder as well as to get a general impression of his/her genetics. If a new fancier has only a small start in Rollers (say three to five pairs), it may be possible to speed that process up a bit and do it in one or two seasons, but it would be very difficult to do so with more than only a few pairs of birds. More on that subject as we proceed. With this in mind, it is always best for the novice to try to start with proven breeding stock, which I would define as pairs of birds that have not just been proven to produce youngsters, but in fact, have been proven to produce good rollers. As you can imagine, birds of this quality do not grow on trees and they are by no means inexpensive. If such birds are not available or are beyond your means, the next best choice are the offspring of these types of proven stock birds.

 For the best results, a fancier starting out will be many, many years ahead of the rest if they can befriend a top fancier who will become their mentor. I consider myself as having been very lucky when I was a young fella to have had such a mentor in Rollers, the late Chandler Grover, who despite his fairly widespread reputation as a "crotchety old man", actually willingly gave his time to many, many novice Roller fanciers. A good percentage of those novices also were able to obtain birds from him. While I was not personally lucky enough to obtain any birds from Chan directly, he did refer me to someone who had birds directly from him and I was able to finally procure some that way. Much the same way, he was always there, willing to give advice to me very freely. I also received much help from the late Roger Baker of Arkansas and the late O.D. Harris and late Bill Barrett both of England, in the form of the regular sharing of correspondence. Of the four, only Ollie Harris I was unable to have met personally. Much of what I know about Birmingham Rollers I learned from my discussions with these men, most of it fortunately in the form of letters that could be gone back over and studied again and again. I feel very lucky to have known these legendary breeders, each of whom had not less than sixty years with this breed when I knew them. Regrettably, as it has always been, there are far fewer potential mentors out there than there are potential protégés, but if you are serious about Rollers, you will find one if you seek one out. If you do manage to procure any birds from them, treasure them.  

Only after a stock bird is proven out, should it be utilized in the development of a close knit family or bloodline as it would be folly to begin allowing an unproven stock bird to spread its genes throughout your stock loft without knowing exactly what the effect is bound to be. Assuming one has established which of his birds are the best suited to meet your goals for developing a family, it is of paramount importance to begin making the most of those individual birds. As Chan Grover explained to me (and I think he was actually quoting the late J. Leroy Smith in this regard), "When you've got something good, you work it, you work it and you work it some more". Putting it another way, when you have a bird of great merit, you make the most of that bird by trying to obtain as many youngsters as you can from it in the hope that you can perpetuate its effect throughout your family. If you are lucky, you have more than one such bird. And if you are truly blessed, you have a great "click pair" where almost everything they seem to produce ranges from good to exceptional. As a general rule, it would be an advantageous thing to be able to breed a very large number of offspring from any "click pair" like this, in that this would allow you to make the absolute most of them in the shortest amount of time.

Now some people don't like this idea because they are afraid that they will "burn out" their stock birds, especially the hens. However, it is important to point out that if you have done everything correctly in the way of testing a bird in the air and also in the stock loft, the bird is going to be a minimum of four to five years old and that is just to prove the bird out and to get an idea of what it can or can't produce. As mentioned earlier, there are ways to test stock birds out in a shorter time (the real subject of this article), but as a general rule, a proven stock bird is a middle aged bird by time it is established that the bird has real value. Anyone who tells you something different is either completely deluded or is simply full of it and doing you a disservice by telling you something otherwise. Either way, you aren't going to live forever and neither are your birds. You must make the most out of your best birds while you have them available if you wish to take the best advantage of them.  The best way to take the most advantage of a valuable stock bird is to produce as many good offspring from the bird as it is physically possible for the bird to produce during its lifetime.

How many offspring a bird produces during its lifetime is determined by many different factors. In the first place, its actual productive lifespan plays a major role. This time period is influenced by numerous factors, including genetics, the impact of diseases, how the birds are cared for and also mishaps. Good sound loft management in the form of quality feed, clean water, plenty of mineral rich grit, loft cleanliness and proper housing plays a major role in insuring maximum productivity. Feeding cheap feed to your breeders, especially feed that is low in protein, can lead to numerous problems. For the best results, the breeders should be fed a diet that is between 15% to 20% protein, 5% to 11% fat and at least 1% calcium. This is just for starters. As a rule, pelleted feeds tend to be the more balanced than grain mixes. The fact of the matter is, not feeding a balanced diet with all the required nutrition can lead to numerous breeding problems, including adverse effects on fertility and egg production. Proper housing is also a must, in that bad ventilation or moisture can lead to health problems, while lack of sufficient sunlight can lead to sterility or make hens temporarily barren. Another factor influencing a pigeon's production lifespan is actually the sex. As a general rule of thumb, even if heavily utilized, cocks can continue to fill eggs to the age of 9 or 10 years, with some lasting much longer even though old age issues like arthritis effecting the flexibility of the tail joints can adversely impact a cock's ability to procreate properly. Some things can be done to assist them, but is a subject best saved for another article. Hens, on the other hand, have a much more limited production lifespan. Just like chickens, female pigeons are born with every egg they will lay in their lifetime already contained within their reproductive system. (See photo on link). Once the physical supply of these ovum are exhausted, the hen becomes barren and nothing can be done to change the condition. We do know, using chickens, ducks, geese, quail and others as an example, that the egg production capacity of birds is undoubtedly genetic and can be increased through breeding selection. While chickens, as one example, have a very high capacity of lifetime eggs (between 500 to 1600 based on varying studies involving many different breeds), pigeons have a much lower number of ovum in their system, in large part due to not only evolution, but also selection. For the most part, the production abilities of most Domestic Pigeons has not been improved greatly over those of their wild or feral counterparts in large part because of the fact that pigeons feed their own young. No scientific data seems to be available on this subject, but the number of eggs that a pigeon can lay in a lifetime is suggested as being between 50 to 100.

One backyard pigeon keeper on a forum mentions a hen that has laid "two eggs a month for the nine years that we have had her", which would equate to 208 eggs during her lifetime, but one has to wonder if any actual records were kept, let alone how accurate the statement is, as it seems much more of a generalization opposed to actual data. Whatever the case, the number of offspring that a hen can produce is dramatically lower than that of a cock for obvious reasons. Despite this, even the lifetime production capabilities of the average hen is a fairly large number of potential offspring. Since most fanciers breed only two to five rounds of young per pair each season, it becomes clear that the majority do not take full advantage of their key stock birds.

There are a number of methods that a fancier can use to increase their use of their best stock birds. While these are widely practiced among racing fanciers, as well as many show fanciers, only a small number of roller fliers utilize them. These methods range from the relatively simple to the more complex. The first of these methods is the utilization of foster parents or "pumpers" to increase the production of a key pair of pigeons. The general premise behind this method is that the eggs of a pair of birds are taken away immediately after the second egg is laid and given to another pair of birds to hatch out and raise. Doing so results in the key pair going immediately back to work for another round. The process is then repeated again and again. So long as the key pair is kept healthy and attention is paid to their nutritional needs (especially the hen's) and all goes right, a large number of offspring can be bred from a single pair in one season. In my experience, in most breeds of pigeons, the "spread" between each clutch of eggs - that is, the period between the second egg of the first clutch and the first egg of the next clutch - is about 10 to 16 days depending on the particular hen. It is therefore possible to produce 4 to 6 youngsters from a single pair each month using this method. Several considerations must be taken into account to make this system work for you. These include controlling the breeding, keeping good records and having adequate foster parents. Where the breeding is concerned, for the best results, the pair should be kept in an individual breeding pen to insure parentage of the offspring. Contrary to the popular misconception that pigeons are always faithful to their mates, infidelity is far more common in an open loft than usually expected.

Exceptional breeding records are a must, which may mean keeping better records than you may keep at the moment. These records should include a record for each pair which includes the color, band #, a short pedigree, assorted notes and also plenty of space to record the pair's production. Where the production is concerned, the following should be noted for each clutch: the date that each egg is laid, the date that the eggs are fostered, to what pair are the eggs fostered (or from what pair the eggs were received), the date the eggs hatched, the resulting colors and band #'s of the youngsters, as well as any notes. In the future, I hope to compile and offer for sale, a breeding record book suitable for a project like this, but one can also use lined paper or a records form in a binder or a bound journal.

As a rule, I do not recommend relying on computer software. While there are good pieces of breeding software out there and this software often can be of real value, something as simple as a computer virus or a hardware failure can result in the total loss of your breeding records if you have not made it a point to also keep a hard copy. As well, with the speed that computer technology seems to progress at, it is only a matter of time before the computer files in a piece of software become more or less obsolete and more difficult to utilize or access. In the spirit of helping to improve our breed, one wonders what kind of legacy we are going to leave behind for future generations of fanciers, when we are so reliant today on digital photographs and computerized records.

In addition to keeping good records, it is also helpful to mark each egg with a soft lead pencil, noting the pair # and date laid for "just in case". Be sure not to press too hard.  

The third and most important consideration with this system, as well as other similar systems designed to increase the output of some key birds, are the foster parents. While some fanciers will suggest this or that breed to use for fosters - cull Rollers from anywhere and everywhere, Homers, Flying Flights, Tipplers, "Commies" or what you have you - for the best results, I would suggest using birds that are actually closely related to the birds that you intend to multiply, as they are bound to have a more similar breeding cycle to the birds you are trying to multiply. That being said, I have generally found that Racing Homers and Utility Kings do a truly exceptional job as fosters for rollers and will rarely leave a squab malnourished due to the fact that they are adapted to covering to feeding much larger squabs. Both breeds do a good job of really stuffing little rollers crop's full. All of your foster pairs should be experienced breeders for the best results. Some breeders who routinely rely on the use of fosters actually develop families of pigeons that are specifically bred and selected for their parenting abilities, as well as their behavior in the nest and around young squabs. As Clint Robertson, a Canadian Jacobin breeder explains in an article on the subject, "You would not know it to look at them but my current family of feeders has had just as much genetic selection as my stud of Jacobins but for different abilities rather than physical features of appearance". Read his article on the subject here. Also more on the subject of fosters here
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Where fosters are concerned, the general rule of thumb is to have two pairs of fosters for every pair that you intend to multiply. In my opinion, while this is adequate in theory, it is inadequate in actual practice once the first round of eggs are under a pair of fosters. This is especially true when a fancier is interested in multiplying only one pair and as a result, only sets up two pairs of birds for fosters. By the end of the first month, one is suddenly out of fosters (because one pair is probably on young squabs and the other on eggs) and now must allow the key pair to raise their own young. While six potential youngsters in the first 30 to 40 days of the season is certainly a good thing, if we are forced to allow the key pair to sit their own eggs and raise their own young, we have essentially returned to a normal breeding cycle and our plans have been defeated - even if only temporarily. A more reasonable number of foster pairs to keep on hand for this system is actually a minimum of four pairs and six pairs is a much better number.

 The following example illustrates why:  

1st Clutch moved to Foster Pr. #1: 03-01-16
2nd Clutch moved to Foster Pr. #2: 03-17-16
1st Clutch hatches under Foster Pr.#1: 3-18-16
3rd Clutch moved to Foster Pr. #3: 03-29-16
2nd Clutch hatches under Foster Pr.#2: 04-04-16
Foster Pr. #1 lays 2nd Round: 04-05-10 (eggs discarded after 5 days due to no eggs available - 04-10)
1st Clutch weaned from Foster Pr. #1: 04-10-16
3rd Clutch hatches under Pr. #3: 04-16-16
4th Clutch moved to Foster Pr. #4: 04-17-16
Foster Pr. #1 lays 3rd Round: 04-20-16 (eggs discarded after 5 days due to no eggs available - 04-25)
Foster Pr. #2 lays 2nd Round: 04-21-16 (eggs discarded after 5 days due to no eggs available - 04-26)
5th Clutch needs moved: 05-01-16
2nd Clutch weaned by Pr. #2: 05-04-16
4th Clutch hatches under Pr. #4: 05-05-16
Foster Pr. #3 lays 2nd Round: 05-06-16
Foster Pr. #1 lays 4th Round: 05-07-16
Foster Pr. #2 lays 3rd Round: 05-08-16  

As you can see, going into the second month, the availability of foster parents for the 5th Clutch of eggs from our key pair becomes somewhat problematic with four pairs of fosters. While it is possible that we may be able to swing it, we cannot do so without taking the chances associated with storing eggs such as is done with poultry hatching eggs, or with holding eggs under the key pair for almost a week and then giving them to the fosters. While eggs can be stored (be sure to do properly), embryo viability can decline during storage even if done properly. Much the same way, while there is some flexibility when it comes to swapping eggs around, it is important that the eggs from your key pair will hatch either within a day or two of when the eggs of the fosters would have hatched, or that the eggs being fostered will hatch before those that the fosters had. At the same time, as a general rule of thumb, it takes a pair about 10 days of egg incubation before they begin to produce pigeon milk. This means that giving eggs that have been incubated for more than about seven days to a pair with newly laid eggs can become problematic. Sometimes, you can give younger eggs to a pair of fosters as most pigeons will continue to sit on a clutch of eggs up to about 20 or 21 days from laying. (Levi, 1941, reported one pair that sat dummy eggs to the 28 day mark).

To avoid these problems, it is best to have as many foster pairs on hand as possible.  For the best results, I suggest housing the fosters in individual coops and if at all possible, make an effort to try to time the egg production of your fosters with your key pair. This can be done by separating the sexes of the unworking fosters and then pairing them together in an individual coop one or two days after you've pulled the eggs from your main pair. For the best results, two or three pair should be paired up at a time.  As can be realized, this is quite the "large production" to keep even a single key pair going and it becomes even more complex if you are pushing more than a single pair. That being said, the program is much more efficient when it involves two or three pairs for the simple fact that the large pool of foster pairs that are kept on hand seems to always insure that eggs can be swapped out to another pair.  While this may seem like a lot of work (and it is), the results are well worth putting forth this sort of maximum effort. For a single pair, a minimum of an entire kit worth of offspring can be produced in a typical breeding season period (ie. Feb. 14th to August 1st). It is possible to raise 20 to 30 offspring from a pair in one season utilizing this program. If you can run 3 or 4 exceptional pairs on this program without wanting to throw the towel in, it is possible to breed 60+ to 100+ offspring combined.  While the system outlined is not the only way to increase the production of key pairs, it is the simplest program.  If one has a truly exceptional stock cock, it is also possible to produce VERY LARGE QUANTITIES of offspring utilizing a Polygamous Breeding System or the so-called "Bull System". While only a few roller fanciers have used this system (several with very notable success), it is becoming widely used by Racing fanciers. In some cases, as many as 75 to 100 offspring are being produced in a single season from an exceptional stock cock.  The video below should be enlightening.

https://vimeo.com/10123218

Hawks Aren't Just A Seasonal Problem

I had written earlier about flying its at or near sunset to avoid losses from birds of prey.

While my #1 kit that is being flown on this schedule has still not suffered any losses, my #2 kit, which has been flying before that kit has taken quite a pounding over the last week and a half.

At the moment, I have a big bitch Cooper's Hawk inflicting damage on my #2 kit. Over the last week she has taken three key birds from this kit, including a Black Self cock, a Red Badge hen and a younger Red Beard (both LaRue-Scouzafava line). It also just so happens that these three were proving to be the most promising three birds in the kit. The Black Self was just starting to show some short, sharp rolls, was very active (3 to 4 TPM) and displaying all the signs of developing into a good fast spinner that would be an asset in any kit. The Red Badge hen was also showing some good rolling and was always there on the same turn as the Black Self, while the Red Beard (a full niece or nephew to the Red Badge), was showing signs of developing into a good deep one. 

This particular Cooper hen is a real stone cold killer. While most Cooper's typically hunt from an ambush, this particular hen has literally been appearing from almost out of nowhere when the kit is at a medium height and has apparently made all her kills on a single pass. The Red Beard was the first to "get it" and was taken on almost horizontal attack after it had rolled about 40 feet out of the kit. When the Black Self cock was hit, I had just happened to have looked away from the kit for a few seconds, only to look back and see that the kit had exploded into 5 or 6 different directions. By time I spotted the Cooper, she was headed off to the southwest with the Black Self dangling from her talons. She got the Red Badge hen today and even though the kit had reacted to the threat, the Cooper's horizontal attack on the Badge was so effortless that I doubt if she even knew what had hit her. As with the other two kills, the Cooper flew off a very long way to the SW with her kill and vanished off in the distance. Most Cooper's Hawks, especially the males, are usually incapable of hauling a pigeon or similar sized prey away much of a distance. This is why in most cases, if a fancier can follow the hawk, their bird can  sometimes be saved before the hawk actually kills and consumes it.

Somebody hand me a box of Kleenex, please.

The only good news out of this is that last week she was chasing a very promising crested Blue Splash Blackburn hen around and missed her several days in a row despite the ease that the big bitch Cooper hen has been killing her kitmates off with. This Blackburn hen is a very strong flier and a deep roller, but not very active. As a result, she is also incredibly stable despite the fact the fact that she is a pretty a deep roller. As I had mentioned before in my article on the Blackburns, there seems to be a tendency for them to have retained some of the flying characteristics of the old Central Asiatic Sharpshooters that some early breeders had been crossing into their Birminghams in the late 19th century. This Blackburn hen can literally turn and accelerate on a dime into a short downward hooking dive. She's no Donek, but she has been able to outmaneuver this Cooper hen every time to the extent that she seems to no longer want any part of her. At this point, I think she's probably earned the right to move up into the #1 kit, just in case the big bitch Cooper happens to get in a lucky strike.

Some pigeon fanciers (all of them non pigeon fliers, by the way), will tell you that Birds of Prey are just a seasonal problem and that they are always at their worst in the Fall when they are migrating. Don't believe it.

Speaking of birds that can fly circles around Birds of Prey, check out Robert Lockwood's Vieshians while they chase the local birds of prey around. Pity the Vieshians aren't Rollers.

Grouse Legged and Muffed Birmingham Rollers?

Though I don't sell or ship pigeons, I do periodically buy them for assorted "weird" genetic projects and as a result tend to watch online pigeon auctions pretty regularly looking for this or that. One of the things I often see are grouse legged or muffed Birmingham Rollers, along with the usual accusatory questions by novices to the seller such as "Are you sure these aren't muffed tumblers?" or "Are you sure these are purebred rollers?" or "Are you sure these are not West of England Tumblers?"

Birmingham Roller squeaker with grouse legs

There seems to be a general misconception among a lot of people that the Birmingham Roller is, and always has been, a clean legged breed and that any sign of grouse legs or muffs is a sign of cross breeding. Not only is this idea held by novices, but it's also perpetuated by some roller breeders who ought to know better.

The truth of the matter is, at one time, the vast majority of all Birmingham Rollers were either grouse legged or had short muffed legs. This is due primarily to the fact that these birds originated  primarily from what was, in the days of old, commonly referred to in early British publications, as "Sky Tumblers" or "Air Tumblers", which was the old English Flying Tumbler, the Dutch Roller (called in old literature, the German Feather Footed Tumbler),  and a breed that was then known as the "White Eye", which was apparently closely connected to the Flying Antwerps and also a forerunner of the Racing Homer.  It is notable that the Dutch breed was very heavily muffed. This particular genetic cocktail is as best as can be deciphered about the breed's origin, from the very earliest articles describing these birds, which based on my own study, the first published mention of the Birmingham Roller that I have been able to locate appeared in the October 21st, 1861 issue of the "Journal of Horticulture and the Cottage Gardener". At the time, this magazine was one of the more common magazines in England that included literature on pigeons.

In an article entitled "Tumbling Pigeons" in that issue, by B.P. Brent of Dallington, near Robertsbridge, Sussex, remarked that: "The Birmingham Rollers, or at least those I had sent me, are coarse, common-looking birds of various patchy colours, mostly like a foul marked baldhead, that seems to be generally red or as it is termed, a 'red badge'. Their eyes seem to be as often, bull or often mud-coloured, as they are pearl; the feet unfeathered, and the beaks long. Altogether a very mongrel-looking set. But we must not always judge by appearances. At first I really thought the birds had been changed - they could not be tumblers, but when once they were let out there was no mistake. Their tumbling is extraordinary. Every few seconds, over they go, one, two or three somersaults at a time. Here and there a bird gives a very rapid spin, revolving like a wheel, though they sometimes lose their balance and make a rather ungraceful fall, in which they occasionally hurt themselves by striking some object".

Three years later, in the same magazine, B.P. Brent again put up an article on the subject in the February 2nd, 1864 edition, asking the age old question of "Why Does A Pigeon Tumble?", in which he remarks: "There is a third manner of tumbling, called 'rolling'; in this, the pigeon throws several somersaults, or backsprings, in succession and conjointly, thus falling considerably while flying, sometimes rolling till they touch the earth, and not unfrequently killing themselves. I had two young cocks which killed themselves on the spot in this past summer from this cause, and I have one that cannot come down from his perch except in a roll, and through this, he often raps his head, the remembrance of which causes him to hesitate in coming down to feed. Of course, he would not be safe to let out. He is a Kite (Bronze), heavily feather footed and a large bird".

At this time, B.P. Brent was considered one of the great authorities on pigeons in England and had released several editions of his famous work "The Pigeon Book". It is fortunate that he was particularly fascinated by Flying Tumblers, and especially Rollers. In his 1871 edition of the work, he wrote a lengthy chapter on Tumblers, including a description of what he called the Common European Tumbler, about which he says: "This variety is very plentiful in Germany, Holland and France, and I believe it may be met with in most parts of the Continent. ... They fly well and tumble much. I believe that this is the breed that is now often sold in England as Rollers, so called because of their excessive tumbling or rolling over many times as they fly. They are clean legged, but some of the Dutch have small feathers on the feet".

In the February 24th, 1870 issue of the "Journal of Horticulture and the Cottage Gardener", one writer who routinely wrote under the byline of "Reader", also commented on the Birmingham Roller at length, noting: "The Birmingham Rollers referred to in my commendation of this pigeon, are a stock supplied to me by a Birmingham fancier, and represented to be bred distinctly for high flying and tumbling, and the muffed legs".

Another article in the June 9th, 1870 edition of the same magazine, written by a fancier writing as "Fido", rebuts another writer, stating: "Birmingham Rollers have as good a claim to being a pure breed as any other variety of pigeon we have. They are as often, clean-legged as muffed, that is grouse-muffed or shinned, but we never saw a good roller that was heavily feathered on the legs, similar to the Trumpeter". 


In the yearbook of the United Roller Cub of America, published in1937, Homer Robinson, who published the yearbook, remarked of Brent, that he was  "an English writer upon the pigeon ,(who) brought twenty Dutch rollers from Holland and gave them to the fanciers around Birmingham to cross upon their strains to improve their tumbling. This is why the Birmingham Roller, to this day, may be found both clean-legged and with grouse legs".

As best as is known, an English immigrant named James Grist, and his son, John, of 2017 Ridge Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, were one of the first to import Birmingham Rollers from England to the United States. Grist and Son came directly from Birmingham and in March of 1878 were known to have received "By (the) steamer Pennsylvania, Mr. Grist received from Liverpool, four pairs of extra choice Birmingham Rollers, selected by his brother Robert Grist, from the best flying kits in Birmingham, England".

Despite this, James Grist had apparently done earlier importations of Birmingham Rollers, for in October of 1879, "The Fanciers' Journal" carried an article written by him which noted that in 1876, he had flown a kit of Birmingham Rollers for spectators at the Centennial International Exhibition in Philadelphia which  was the first "World's Fair". It is said that the birds flew back to their home loft, which was not located too far away. The kit birds, Grist noted, were exclusively direct imports, clearly indicating that Grist had done earlier importations than that done in March of 1878.

His son, John Grist, also writing in 1879 shed some light on his father's involvement with the breed, noting that "Mr.James Grist, the veteran pigeon fancier, had, some thirty years ago, in Birmingham, an excellent shed of these roller pigeons, some of which could easily roll a distance of 15 feet, and were, by the old flying fancy, greatly admired". This then, dates the involvement of the Grist family with the Birmingham Roller dating back to around 1840. John Grist also mentions an old fancier in Birmingham named Charlie Stokes who may have been the source of some of the Grist imports.




Red Rosewing Birmingham Roller imported by James Grist.
Published in 1879, this is likely the oldest image in existence
depicting the Birmingham Roller

At least two articles by the Grists carry a line drawing of a Red Rosewing Birmingham Roller cock that they called "Red Cloud", who was the first Birmingham Roller to achieve any sort of fame in North America. This bird was directly imported from Birmingham and appears to be the oldest image we have of the Birmingham Roller.

Not only was "Red Cloud" muffed, but his overall type is quite unlike most of the Rollers that we know today.

~ Jack Chambers